فَأَزَلَّهُمَا ٱلشَّيْطَٰنُ عَنْهَا فَأَخْرَجَهُمَا مِمَّا كَانَا فِيهِ وَقُلْنَا ٱهْبِطُوا۟ بَعْضُكُمْ لِبَعْضٍ عَدُوٌّ وَلَكُمْ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ مُسْتَقَرٌّ وَمَتَٰعٌ إِلَىٰ حِينٍ

“But Satan caused them to deflect therefrom and expelled them from the (happy) state in which they were; and We said: Fall down, one of you a foe unto the other! There shall be for you on earth a habitation and provision for a time.” — M. M. Pickthall

Tafsirs

AI-generated
Taberî9-10. c.✓ Citation verified

Taberî states in this verse that 'حين' means an indefinite/unknown time, and what is meant is the period until the Day of Judgment or until the end of the world. He also mentions that the reading 'فأزلهما' is preferred over 'فأزالهما', because this verb is attributed to Iblis since he diverted Adam and his wife from obedience to Allah and was the cause of their expulsion from Paradise. He says that the earth, mankind, Iblis, and the serpent were made enemies to one another, and the earth became for them a place of settlement both in life and in death (in the grave).

وأولى القراءتين بالصواب قراءة من قرأ: {فأزلهما} لأن الله جل ثناؤه قد أخبر في الحرف الذي يتلوه بأن إبليس أخرجهما مما كانا فيه، وذلك هو معنى قوله فأزالهما
Zemahşerî12. c.✓ Citation verified

According to Zemahşerî, the phrase 'as enemies' is in the condition (hal) position and means that Iblis will be an enemy to Adam and Eve, and they will be enemies to Iblis. The word 'mustakarr' has been interpreted either as an infinitive (masdar) meaning 'a place of settlement' or as a locative noun meaning 'a place of residence from which one benefits in life until the end of one's appointed time.' Additionally, a report from Sabit al-Bunani is transmitted regarding Adam's death, the angels washing and shrouding him, and his burial in Serendib (India).

في موضع الحال ، أي متعادين يعاديهما إبليس ويعاديانه { مستقر } استقرار ، أو موضع استقرار وانتفاع بعيش إلى انقضاء آجالكم
Fahreddin er-Râzî12-13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to this exegete, the address in the verse is open to three different possibilities: the angels may be addressing the disbelievers, the jinn may also be included within the angels and it is being explained that they do not have control over one another, or the direct addressees may be the disbelievers themselves; because the mention of 'day' indicates their presence. Furthermore, it is noted that in the context of Adam's slip, it is permissible in the language to include in the address even a single person who shares with a guardian a matter.

أي الملائكة للكفار ، والحاضر الواحد يجوز أن يجعل من يشاركه في أمر مخاطبا بسببه ، كما يقول القائل لواحد حاضر له شريك في كلام أنتم قلتم ، على معنى أنت قلت ، وهم قالوا ، ويحتمل أن يكون معهم الجن أي لا يملك بعضكم لبعض أيها الملائكة والجن
Kurtubî13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to Kurtubî, the phrase 'you are enemies to one another' indicates that the address is not to Adam and Eve but to the enmity between Adam/mankind and Iblis-the serpent; for Adam and Eve were not enemies to one another. Furthermore, the repetition of the command 'ihbitû' is either for emphasis or because different rulings (enmity and the coming of guidance) pertain to each. He connects their expulsion from Paradise to the fact that they were created from the earth and to the purpose of making Adam a vicegerent on earth. Iblis's intention was to cause his downfall from his position, but he did not achieve this goal.

أى أنت عدو للحية ولابليس وهما عدوان لك وهذا يدل على أن قوله : ( اهبطا ) ليس خطابا لآدم وحواء لأنهما ما كانا متعاديين
İbn Kesîr14. c.✓ Citation verified

Ibn Kesir mentions that the pronoun in 'فأزلهما' may refer either to Paradise or to the most recently mentioned noun, which is the tree; accordingly, the word means either 'he caused them to slip' or 'he made them slip into error.' He also transmits the views of the Companions and the Followers (Ibn Abbas's interpretations of the grave or the upper and lower earth) regarding 'mustakarr' and 'metaa', and various hadith reports and Israelite narratives regarding Adam's expulsion from Paradise. He notes that the detailed narration of these reports will come in Surat al-A'raf.

يصح أن يكون الضمير في قوله عنها عائدا إلى الجنة فيكون معنى الكلام كما قال عاصم بن بهدلة وهو ابن أبي النجود فأزا لهما أي فنحاهما ويصح أن يكون عائدا على أقرب المذكورين وهو الشجرة فيكون معنى الكلام كما قال الحسن وقتادة فأزلهما أي من قبل الزلل
Beydâvî13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to Beydâvî, the devil's 'slipping' (ezelle) of Adam and Eve means driving them into an error because of the tree; furthermore, this verb can also mean 'causing them to be expelled from Paradise,' which is supported by the reading 'fe-ezâlehümâ' in Hamza's recitation. Regarding how the devil deceived them (speaking by representation, insinuation, calling at the door, entering the form of an animal or serpent, sending a helper, etc.), various reports have been transmitted, and it is stated that certain knowledge is with Allah. It is expressed that the address 'ihbitû' is directed to Adam and Eve, and the plural pronoun is used because they are the origin of all mankind.

أصدر زلتهما عن الشجرة وحملهما على الزلة بسببها، ونظير «عن» هذه في قوله تعالى وما فعلته عن أمري. أو أزلهما عن الجنة بمعنى أذهبهما، ويعضده قراءة حمزة «فأزالهما» وهما متقاربان في المعنى، غير أن أزل يقتضي عثرة مع الزوال

Comparison

Common ground

Taberî, Zemahşerî, Ibn Kesir, and Beydâvî commonly discuss the dual meaning possibility of the 'أزلّ/أزال' verb (slipping/causing error or expulsion from Paradise) and the related differences in readings (fe-ezellehümâ / fe-ezâlehümâ); this stands out as a common issue along the lines of language and recitation. Moreover, Taberî, Kurtubî, and Ibn Kesir resemble one another in using the theme of enmity between Iblis-the serpent-mankind and employing narrative materials (reports from Companions and Followers, stories); Kurtubî and Taberî especially agree on the point that the enmity is not between Adam and Eve but between mankind and Iblis/the serpent. Almost all exegetes agree that the word 'mustakarr' carries a meaning related to worldly life/the earth as a place of settlement or duration.

Differences

Râzî diverges from the others by focusing on the address structure in the verse (are the angels, disbelievers, or jinn the addressees) and turns entirely to a theological/methodological discussion; this reflects his approach which is more aligned with the rational-theological school. While Zemahşerî, with Mu'tazili linguistic sensitivity, emphasizes the discussion of 'hal' and 'infinitive/locative noun', as a report he only transmits the story of Adam's death and burial; he gives less space to narrative accounts. Taberî and Ibn Kesir, on the other hand, follow a report-heavy method and abundantly transmit Companion and Follower views and Israelite stories; Ibn Kesir additionally refers these to Surat al-A'raf to establish continuity between exegeses. Beydâvî, meanwhile, lists reports regarding the devil's methods of deception and attributes knowledge to Allah, thus displaying a more cautious and summary attitude; this reflects his methodological preferences belonging to the concise exegesis tradition. Kurtubî, with his juridical/ruling-focused perspective, ties the repetition of the command 'ihbitû' to a legal-semantic rationale, which is not treated this way in the others.

Historical context

Taberî, the earliest-period exegete, represents the classical exegesis method by using report analysis and linguistic analysis together; Zemahşerî (a later period, Mu'tazili) brings linguistic and rhetorical emphasis to the foreground, giving less space to reports, and this difference reflects an ecological shift. With Râzî, theological-logical discussion becomes more pronounced, showing the period when exegesis becomes intertwined with philosophical theology. The prominence of the juridical approach in Kurtubî reflects the influence of the Andalusian juridical tradition. In Ibn Kesir, a return to report-based exegesis is observed; this is close to the Taberî line but enriched with more systematic hadith criticism. Beydâvî, in a later period, summarizes all previous accumulation and offers a cautious synthesis. Thus, the process follows a trajectory from report-heavy approach to language/theology-heavy approach, then a return to reports and finally a synthesizing summary; while fundamental issues (recitation difference, the identity of the parties in enmity, the meaning of mustakarr) remain fixed, methods and emphases have changed according to the school of the period.

Modern connection

The different interpretive lines around this verse remind us that the harmony between knowledge and faith can be sought throughout history through various methods (language, report, reason); in our time too, approaching a matter not with a single perspective but with patience and tolerance while considering multiple accumulations of knowledge can be constructive. Furthermore, the treatment of the theme of devil-mankind enmity can be thought of as a reminder that encourages vigilance against evil within family and society, and promotes consciousness of unity and solidarity. The exegetes' careful use of language (especially the attitude of attributing knowledge to Allah) can point today to the value of a humble and inquiry-open stance rather than definitive judgments.

AI analysis — not a fatwa or ruling, not yet reviewed by a scholar