وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِيمَا عَرَّضْتُم بِهِۦ مِنْ خِطْبَةِ ٱلنِّسَآءِ أَوْ أَكْنَنتُمْ فِىٓ أَنفُسِكُمْ عَلِمَ ٱللَّهُ أَنَّكُمْ سَتَذْكُرُونَهُنَّ وَلَٰكِن لَّا تُوَاعِدُوهُنَّ سِرًّا إِلَّآ أَن تَقُولُوا۟ قَوْلًا مَّعْرُوفًا وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا۟ عُقْدَةَ ٱلنِّكَاحِ حَتَّىٰ يَبْلُغَ ٱلْكِتَٰبُ أَجَلَهُۥ وَٱعْلَمُوٓا۟ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا فِىٓ أَنفُسِكُمْ فَٱحْذَرُوهُ وَٱعْلَمُوٓا۟ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ

“There is no sin for you in that which ye proclaim or hide in your minds concerning your troth with women. Allah knoweth that ye will remember them. But plight not your troth with women except by uttering a recognised form of words. And do not consummate the marriage until (the term) prescribed is run. Know that Allah knoweth what is in your minds, so beware of Him; and know that Allah is Forgiving, Clement.” — M. M. Pickthall

Tafsirs

AI-generated
Taberî9-10. c.✓ Citation verified

Taberî reports that the 'ta'rîz' mentioned in the verse means making indirect or veiled allusions to a woman in her waiting period without making an explicit marriage proposal. This is done through indirect expressions such as mentioning the woman's beauty, her virtue, or her desire to marry; however, giving a definite commitment to the marriage contract or obtaining a promise from the woman that she will not marry anyone else is not permissible until the waiting period ends. It is reported that the woman too should only acknowledge what she has heard without explicitly committing herself in response.

قال عطاء: وتقول هي: قد أسمع ما تقول. ولا تعده شيئا، ولا تقول: لعل ذاك
Zemahşerî12. c.✓ Citation verified

According to this exegete, women's not softening or showing gentleness when speaking means they should speak with seriousness and harshness without any softness or gentleness in manner, or speak words that are beautiful in content but harsh in style, distancing themselves from the greed of one who has sickness in the heart.

بعيدا من طمع المريب بجد وخشونة من غير تخنث ، أو قولا حسنا مع كونه خشنا
Fahreddin er-Râzî12-13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to this exegete, the ta'riz (indirect allusion) mentioned in the verse is permissible during the waiting period, while explicit speech (open marriage proposal) is forbidden; a person may set an intention in his heart to speak openly in the future. This permission is given as a concession because a person cannot escape the determination and desire arising from the soul's passion regarding marriage. Furthermore, the exception of 'secretly making a promise' (sirran) is aimed at supporting the ta'riz with kind words such as treating the woman well and caring for her affairs.

فلما كان دفع هذا الخاطر كالشيء الشاق أسقط تعالى عنه هذا الحرج وأباح له ذلك
İbn Kesîr14. c.✓ Citation verified

According to Ibn Kesîr, the 'ta'rîz' (indirect allusion) in the verse means alluding to a woman in her waiting period that one wants to marry and finds her pleasing without explicitly proposing marriage. This was considered permissible for a woman in her waiting period after death, and it is stated that there is no disagreement among scholars regarding the permissibility of making marriage proposals to a divorced (bâin) woman either through explicit speech or ta'riz. He also reports that scholars have reached consensus that the phrase 'do not secretly conclude a marriage contract, wait until the waiting period ends' in the verse indicates that the marriage contract is not valid during the waiting period.

قال التعريض أن يقول إني أريد التزويج وإني أحب امرأة من أمرها ومن أمرها يعرض لها بالقول بالمعروف وفي رواية ووددت أن الله رزقني امرأة ونحو هذا ولا ينصب للخطبة
Kurtubî13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to Kurtubî, the word 'cünah' here means sin or burden, and there is no objection to making a marriage proposal to a woman in her waiting period through allusion (ta'riz) rather than explicitly; this ta'riz is the opposite of explicit speech and conveys a possible meaning. Moreover, the phrase 'do not firmly resolve to conclude the marriage contract' indicates that finalizing the marriage contract during the waiting period is forbidden, and this continues until 'the prescribed term comes to an end,' that is, until the waiting period ends. Regarding the matter of guardianship in the marriage contract, disagreement among scholars is reported concerning who holds 'guardianship of the marriage contract,' with one view holding it to be the husband and another view holding it to be the guardian.

والتعريض : ضد التصريح وهو افهام المعني بالشيء المحتمل له ولغيره
Beydâvî13. c.✓ Citation verified

According to this exegete, the verse forbids women from secretly making promises regarding marriage, but permits them to speak in veiled (ta'riz) form; explicit (sarih) address is forbidden for a woman in her waiting period after death. Making a firm decision regarding the marriage contract is also forbidden until the waiting period ends, and it is emphasized that Allah knows the intentions in hearts.

وفيه دليل حرمة تصريح خطبة المعتدة وجواز تعريضها إن كانت معتدة وفاة

Comparison

Common ground

Taberî, Ibn Kesîr, Kurtubî, and Beydâvî agree in understanding the 'ta'rîz' concept in the verse as making indirect or veiled allusions of desire to a woman in her waiting period without making an explicit marriage proposal (tasrih). Furthermore, there is also a shared emphasis that finalizing the marriage contract (azm-i ukde) during the waiting period is not permissible, and it must be postponed until the end of the waiting period. These views are generally supported by reports from the Companions and Successors.

Differences

While Taberî and Ibn Kesîr follow a more narrative method, relying on transmitted reports (from Ibn Abbas, Katâde, Mujahid, and others), Kurtubî and Beydâvî give weight to linguistic and rhetorical analysis, discussing the lexical dimensions of words and jurisprudential disagreements. Zemahşerî stands on a different axis, focusing the issue on the woman's manner and manner of speaking, which is a reflection of his rhetoric-centered method. Fahreddin er-Râzî, on the other hand, transfers the matter to both a jurisprudential (Shâfi'î's inference regarding the guardian requirement) and theological (argument against the Mu'tazilites) discussion ground, distinguishing himself from the others; moreover, his interpretation of ta'riz as a concession given against the weakness of the soul is unique to him.

Historical context

The narrative-focused approach of the early exegete Taberî was subsequently enriched with linguistic analysis and jurisprudential/theological discussions in later periods (Zemahşerî, Fahreddin er-Râzî, Kurtubî, Beydâvî). The fundamental ruling (ta'riz is permissible, explicit speech and firm promises are forbidden) remained constant throughout all periods, but the methodological tools—progressing from narrative to rhetoric, and from there to jurisprudential disagreements—diversified over time.

Modern connection

This comparative reading can point to the quest for a measured, delicate yet boundary-preserving manner of speaking and conduct during sensitive periods. In family and social relations, it can serve as an example of moral sensitivity in the form of respecting the emotional process of the other party and acting with sincerity and patience. This can also be understood as an example showing that the scholarly tradition can achieve the same moral refinement through different methodologies.

AI analysis — not a fatwa or ruling, not yet reviewed by a scholar